Nanjing Chemical Material Corp.

  1. Preparation of ethyl bromide from ethyl alcohol and hydrobromic acid Start with a 1-liter double neck round bottom flask with a drop funnel and wide bend. The bend is connected to a long and efficient condenser assembly and receiver for downward distillation. First, place 281ml (or 415 g) 48% hydrobromic acid in a flask, then add 65ml (or 120 g) of concentrated sulfuric acid in batches, while shaking. As it cools, a small quantity of 145ml (or 100 g) 95% ethanol is slowly added to the mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrobromic acid. Then 109ml (or 200g) of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added to the drop funnel, and the ethyl bromine obtained by slow distillation is collected in the cold receiver flask. The crude ethyl bromine was washed with equal volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid, then washed with water and a small amount of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, then washed with water, and finally dried the ethyl bromine with anhydrous calcium chloride. The crude ethyl brom

  In the salon, the beautician first cleans and rinses the skin area to be treated, and then applies the glycolic acid  solution or gel with fingertips or cotton tips or brushes. When treating the face, leave the solution / gel in place for 5-10 minutes, then rinse off with gauze dipped in cold water. Occasionally, use the solution / gel a second time and leave it in place for 5-10 minutes before rinsing. Hand, foot and other body parts are treated similarly.   According to industry sources, products applied to body parts other than the face are usually washed off after about 15 minutes. The end of the treatment is to apply moisturizing cream, which usually contains a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15. A typical course of treatment includes 6-10 peels over 4-6 weeks.   When using at home, lotions, gels, lotions and creams are applied once or twice daily with fingertips or small cotton balls. Scrubs, that is, lotions or creams containing polished particles, rub the skin with a cloth or

  Sulfates and sulfonates have two things in common. First, they're all anionic surfactants. Second, they are often used for personal care applications. But there are many differences. They have different molecular mechanisms. They have different functions and they have different raw materials.   Sulfates Sulfate is a compound. It has carbon bonds and oxygen and sulfur bonds. They include substances such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate.   At low pH, these substances plus the c-o-s bond hydrolyze to produce alcohol and inorganic sulfate. At a high pH, sulfate is stable in the base and, if ethoxylated to a relatively high level, produces a low-foaming alkali-soluble surfactant. Sulphates can be prepared by reaction of fatty alcohol or fatty alcohol ethoxylates with reagents such as SO3 or chlorosulfonic acid (CSA).   The reason shampoo becomes thick foam in the shower is that it contains sulfate. Most shampoos and household cleansers contain sulfate, but it i

  Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate surfactant    (SLES) are surfactants that play a role in foaming products. It is widely believed that the foam produced by a product is its performance.   The composition of SLS and SLES reduces the surface tension of water. They can also be used as dispersants to properly mix spices and body spray. SLS and SLES can also be used in a variety of personal care products such as soap, shampoo, shower gel, toothpaste and other foaming products. SLS and SLES are also added to moisturizing lotions and sunscreens because of these properties.   The difference between SLS and SLES is in the manufacturing process. SLS undergo a process called ethoxylation. And then you get SLES. Why do we have this ethoxylation process? Because SLS has some mild irritation on the skin, such as dry. The manufactured SLES are more gentle and do not irritate the skin.   Many manufacturers do not use SLS because it is irritating. SLES should be softer on skin

  Nonionic surfactant that does not generate ions in aqueous solution. Its dissolution in water is due to its strong affinity for water.   Compared with anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactant products  have a higher emulsifying ability and a certain resistance to hard water. It is an indispensable ingredient in detergent and emulsifier formulations. Of course, compared with anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants also have the disadvantages of limited cloud point, poor alkali resistance, and high price.   Non-ionic surfactants are mostly liquid and slurry, and their solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature. Non-ionic surfactants have various properties such as washing, dispersing, emulsifying, wetting, adding liquid, uniform dyeing, antiseptic, protective colloid and so on. Widely used in textile, paper, food, plastic, leather, fur, glass, petroleum, chemical fiber, medicine, pesticide, paint, dye, fertilizer, film, photography, metal processing, mineral processin

  P olyether polyol products , which are organic substances, are usually formed by condensation (or transesterification) of an organic dicarboxylic acid (anhydride or ester) with a polyol (including a diol) or by polymerization of a lactone with a polyol. The dibasic acid is phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride or an ester thereof, adipic acid, halogenated phthalic acid or the like. The polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol or the like. Different types of polyester polyols have different properties due to different types or different preparation processes. Several indicators that are important for polyester polyols are hydroxyl number, acid value, moisture, viscosity, molecular weight, density, and color. Characteristics and uses of polyester polyols: Polyester-based polyurethane contains a large number of polar groups such as ester groups and amino groups in the molecule, and has strong cohesive strength and adhe

  Synthesis of DMC-based polyether polyol by a continuous method   A certain amount of DMC catalyst  is taken and uniformly dispersed in a certain amount of small molecule initiator. Add 0.5 kg of the mixture of the initiator in the small test reactor. The vacuum was replaced 1-2 times with N2, and the N2 pressure was maintained at 0.1 MPa. After heating, stirring and raising the temperature to a certain temperature, the quantitative PO was introduced into the continuous autoclave with nitrogen gas for induction. When the induction is successful (the temperature in the kettle rises and the pressure drops), the PO is continuously passed to carry out the reaction. Open the outer loop and continue to pass the PO into the continuous kettle.   When the liquid in the reaction vessel is full, the PO, DMC catalyst and the initiator are continuously added to the kettle at a certain ratio and a certain speed through the power system. Continuous discharge is started when a certain pressure is rea

  Coconut oil aminopropyl betaine(CAPB)can be extracted from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. CAPB is a surfactant. It can be added to personal care products or used in bath products such as shampoo and soap for washing hands. It's also an organic compound. And you can see from its name that the main part of its molecule, the lauric acid group, comes from coconut oil. CAPB is a medium-strength surfactant that can also be used in cosmetics and has an emulsifying and thickening effect. It can also be used as an antistatic agent in hair toners that do not irritate the skin or mucous membranes. It is also added to personal hygiene products as a preservative.   Lipophilic, lipophilic and hydrophilic properties are chemical properties of surfactants, so surfactants can remove dirt and oil from the skin. Surfactants can reduce the surface tension of water, making it easier to wet, thus removing oil and dirt from the skin. So it's also a detergent   Some surfactants are very i